1896
The Jewish State
Theodor Herzl publishes The Jewish State in Vienna, laying the intellectual foundation for modern political Zionism. It was created in Europe at a time that favoured nationalism.
1917
Balfour Declaration
The British Cabinet supports the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. The Declaration text is part of the formal published articles in the British Mandate in 1923.
1947
UN Resolution 181
The UK relinquished the Mandate. The country was tired and broke after WWII. The UN took control and proposed a Partition Plan that was rushed and wrong. It offered the Jews some 55% of Palestine and Arabs got 42% despite population variations that were 90/10. The Jews accepted the split but the Arabs did not. It was not implemented because of the Israel War of Independence, which Israel won decisively. It violated majority rule and self determination according to the articles of the Mandate.
1948
State of Israel Established
The State of Israel declares independence, marking the beginning of a new phase in the regional conflict.
1948/49
Nakba
Over 700,000 Palestinians are displaced, "never to return." All in furtherance of Zionism buying security. It created a refugee problem and invented Gaza and the West Bank. Fully half of the total population of Palestine was involved.
1949
Armistice Agreements
They were signed by Israel and Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan and Syria, and formally ended the war. They were used by the UN for the so called Green Line and demarcated the Egyptian Gaza Strip and the Transjordan West Bank. It defined the ceasefire boundary between Arab land and Israel.
1967
Six Day War
Israel starts the war and gains control of Gaza, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, the Golan Heights from Syria, and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt. Israel confiscated the Occupied Territories and the IDF took over the administration of the Gaza Strip, West Bank and East Jerusalem. This still exists today.
1973
Yom Kippur War
Arabs start the war. Arab forces achieve initial success before Israel regains momentum, leading to a ceasefire, with Israeli forces outside two capitals of the Arab world. No land changes hands.
1978
Camp David Peace Accords
Egypt and Israel reach a landmark peace agreement, demonstrating that negotiated settlements are possible.
1980–2020
Peace Initiatives
Multiple peace initiatives are pursued over four decades, but none produces a lasting solution to the conflict.
2023
Gaza Conflict
The Gaza Conflict marks one of the most significant regional escalations in years, with devastating humanitarian and political consequences on both sides. For Israel, Zionism cannot substitute for security. We have to think again. Palestine deserves a State and is a start, but that State has to live in peace with its close neighbour.
Today
An Unresolved Conflict
Despite repeated diplomatic efforts over more than a century, no lasting settlement has been achieved. The continued absence of peace reflects decisions and actions by all parties, each sharing responsibility for the failure to reach a durable resolution.